African energy data and statistics nrg expert energy. Chinaexecutive summary 2 this monograph examines chinas approach to energy security. Water resource management options for smallholder farming. Vulnerability cells focusing on water security, food security, energy security, migration and natural hazards in the context of climate change and security.
West african countries together form a part of the economic community for west african states ecowas. Hard truths, difficult choices 3 n diversification of transit routes and transit countries, lessening the dependence on ukraine which has proven to be an unreliable transit country. Extremism and global terrorism present added dimensions to the security challenges facing africa s petroleum producers. Energy access and security in eastern africa united. Pdf energy security and liquid fuels in south africa. Prinn images from nasas terra satellite image by nasa. This timely publication investigates energy security and renewable energies in subsaharan africa, pointing out practical opportunities and regulatory challenges from the perspective of. Tanzania is located in east africa and lies between the latitude 1o s and 11 45 south of the equator and.
Pearls in and asian littoral by allowing china greater strategic latitudes. Africa and the middle east into the heart of the eu, new lng terminals serving. It assesses subsaharan states attempts to increase consumption of local oil and uranium reserves. As for most renewable energy sources, the insitu exploitation of wave energy implies diversification of employment and security of energy supply in remote regions. Understanding africas energy needs world economic forum.
Energy security and subsaharan africa openedition journals. April to septemberand then set to kanos latitude plus 15. However, approaches to energy security and the effectiveness of those efforts have varied dramatically between continents. The irony of africa s energy poverty is that africa is actually very rich in energy resources but most of the energy potential on the continent is unexploited. Development of renewable energy technologies in malawi. It goeson to examine how energy importers efforts to enhance their energysecurity through africa are impacting energy security within africa. The presidents national energy policy issued in may 2001 noted the importance of africa to global energy production. Renewable energy for the middle east and north africa. We argue that south africa is facing a crisis in energy security, evidenced in the three most important sectors electricity supply, liquid fuels production and coal supply for electricity. Opportunity costs of implementing improved grazing management, qinghai province, china 65 11. Energy dependency and security international growth centre.
Pdf maghreb goes directly from the major gas fields at hassi rmel. Key emerging trends and challenges policy development and studies branch pdsb 4 be most adversely affected by any increases in energy insecurity and cut off from dwindling fuel sources, thereby increasing the depth of their need. Energy security in south america and southern africa. These cells formulated a vulnerability discussion paper in advance of the first dialogue forum on climate change and security in africa in addis ababa on 11 october, 2010 as a means. Pdf maghreb goes directly from the major gas fields at hassi r mel. Renewable energy for the middle east and north africa policies for a successful transition the middle east and north africa hold the worlds greatest potential for renewable energy, but at present renewables contribute only a mere one per cent to the regions primary energy mix. The most pressing energy security of supply issue is the strong dependence from a single external supplier. It can be observed that the gap between energy produced and that consumed is increasing which translates into increasing energy imports. Pdf the impact of the south african energy crisis on. Energy security and sustainable development in a sia and the pacific. Analysts examine energy security in subsaharan africa resourcerich african countries face economic challenges with the recent drop in oil prices. Total welfare impact of fuel price increases per consumption quintile 17 appendix tble a table 1. The european unions energy security challenges summary recent increases in energy prices and a steady escalation in global energy demand expected to rise by nearly 60% over the next 20 years have led u. The renewable energy market has seen 30 40% growth rates in recent years, due to marketcreating policies and cost reductions.
The brookings foreign policy studies energy security. Pdf the impact of the south african energy crisis on emissions. Most analyses of international energy geopolitics examine the interests and behaviour of powerful energyimporting countries like the us and china. Status and enhancement pathways iii preface and acknowledgements xi executive summary xiii acronyms xvii 1. Barring significant changes, the european commission expects this figure to rise to 65% by 2030. In addition to environmental and other benefits, rene. Moreover, it is no longer one single countrys issue, but is a global economic security issue. As for most renewable energy sources, the in situ exploitation of wave energy implies diversification of employment and security of energy supply in remote regions. Research by mckinsey found that africa s potential energy generation capacity is up to 1. Improved security in other producing areas makes africa a soft target.
But as we well know, after the fukushima disaster, most developed countries, especially in the eu, have turned away from nuclear power. Renewable energy and sustainable development sciencedirect. Perspectives on energy security and renewable energies in sub. Concept note power supply situation in africa final. Energy security is dynamic, uncertain, and full of risk. It is a massive programme it is the biggest infrastructure capital programme on the african continent with many large and expensive components. Africas energy transformation the rising tide of reform, investment and innovation. Best practices for clean energy access in africa 6 alliance for rural electrification best practices 2014 introduction the new edition of the best practices for clean energy access in africa prepared by the alliance for rural electrification are and the africaeu energy partnership aeep is a compilation of 20.
Renewable energy will play an important role in africas energy mix in the coming years. Published by palgrave macmillan over the last decade the topic of energy security has reappeared on global policy agendas. Energy consumed in a given period of time is measured in kwh and 1gwh 10 6kwh electrification rate north africa 1 27 to 99% west africa 4 to 40% central africa 3 to 35% east africa 5 to 25% southern africa 7 to 70% 1 including mauritania the absence of an adequate electrification electrification rates in africa. Another eskom initiative that is contributing to energy security in south africa, and helping us to avoid load shedding, is our new build programme.
This high level of dependence on imported crude oil exposes. Having established a broad framework for the analysis of energy security, the paper turns to the analysis of south africa s energy security situation. May 22, 2014 having established a broad framework for the analysis of energy security, the paper turns to the analysis of south africas energy security situation. Elements of achieving national energy security are included in other governments key policy and strategy. The renewable energy market has seen 30 40% growth rates in recent years, due. This dependence results in high power generation costs, with much of the fuel having to be imported in the case of the smaller oil importing countries in the region. Energy security is the sine qua non in stabilising democracy and economic growth, and in reducing poverty and the impacts of climate change. Energy security and subsaharan africa open access library. Malawi is a land locked country located in southern africa, between latitudes 9 o 22 s and 17 3 s and longitudes. Itassesses subsaharan states attempts to increase consumption of local oiland. Oil encompasses crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, biofuels, coaltoliquids, gastoliquids, and refinery processing gain. South africa international renewable energy conference 18 state of the nation address extracts by his excellency jacob g zuma on 12 february 2015 20 south africas energy situation 23 new shipping vessels hired for offshore support duty 24 top 20 energy saving tips 26 africa energy indaba it gives me great pleasure to present the inaugural. The impact of the south african energy crisis on emissions article pdf available in wit transactions on ecology and the environment 198.
Energy consumed in a given period of time is measured in kwh and 1gwh 10 6kwh electrification rate north africa 1 27 to 99% west africa 4 to 40% central africa 3 to 35% east africa 5 to 25% southern africa 7 to 70% 1 including mauritania the absence of an. Policies in south africa world future council workshop in. Consumption of modern energy in subsaharan africa excluding south africa is very low. The brookings foreign policy studies energy security series. It is estimated that by 2040 more than 25% or africas total energy will come a variety of clean sources geothermal, hydro, solar and wind. This is valid in particular for less integrated and connected regions such as the baltic and eastern europe. Interest in african energy has been on the rise recently, especially in the renewables sector. Between 1980 and 2000, per capita consumption of modern energy in east and southern africa has remained small and stagnant, falling from an average of 317kgoe kilogrammes of oil equivalent to 292kgoe world bank, 2003. We argue that south africa is facing a crisis in energy security, evidenced in the three most important sectors electricity supply, liquid fuels production and coal supply for electricity generation and end use. The integrated energy plan outlines the direction and steps to be taken by south africa to meet its energy needs. Mar, 2015 analysts examine energy security in subsaharan africa resourcerich african countries face economic challenges with the recent drop in oil prices. As under secretary larson testified in april 2003 and acting energy office director mcmanus testified in october 2003, we approach international energy policy recognizing that imports supply of roughly half of our energy needs. Renewable energy, energy security, capacity markets, reliability, wind energy, solar energy, hydro. Simila rly, energy security has become a policy priority for the european union eu and its 27 member states.
Perspectives on energy security and renewable energies in subsaharan africa practical opportunities and regulatory challenges second revised and expanded edition isbn. The detailed analysis of worldwide energy security research, scientific publications, studies, regulatory documents, and the acquired knowhow enables to propose a new energy security definition in this article as follows. Nuclear plants can operate with high capacity fac tors of 90% of the time or more. Between 1980 and 2000, per capita consumption of modern energy in east and southern africa has remained small and stagnant, falling from an average of 317kgoe kilogrammes of oil. International journal of renewable energy technology research vol. Energy mix optimization from an energy security perspective. International journal of renewable energy technology research. Rather than focusing on the middle east, as analyses did in the 1970s and early 1980s, recent concerns regarding international energy geopolitics have cast a wider geographic net. Water, food security and agricultural policy in the middle east and. The plan declares south africas continued reliance on coal, but also uses modeling to forecast which energy sources can be used most effectively to meet demand. Furthermore, the largescale implementation of wave power technologies will stimulate declining industries, e. Militarisation of chinas energy security policy the web site. Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and.
Energy access and security in eastern africa united nations. Ecowas comprises of 15 countries in the region with a total population in excess of 340 million. Energy security is not only the ability of the energy systems to supply energy to consumers under reasonable conditions. This chapter begins by examining foreign powers expanded exploitation of oil and uranium resources in subsaharan africa. Connection between renewable energy and sustainable development. It goes on to examine how energy importers efforts to enhance their energy security through africa are impacting energy security within africa. The european unions energy security challenges introduction1 although the european unions eu 27 member states have ceded some national sovereignty or competency to eu institutions in a variety of areas. Perspectives on energy security and renewable energies in. The most pressing energy security of supply issue is the strong dependence from a. Analysts examine energy security in subsaharan africa eos. This chapter begins by examining foreign powers expandedexploitation of oil and uranium resources in subsaharan africa. With an estimated 173,000 terawatts of solar energy continuously hitting earths surface 1, there is more than enough energy to meet the worlds current consumption levels of 15 terawatts per year 2.
In addition, the energy efficiency applications of turkey will be discussed and general energy outlook of pakistan and some policy implications to solve the energy crisis in pakistan will be presented. Domestic sources and available substitutes alone cannot satisfy the countrys current demand, result ing in imported crude oil accounting for over 90% of south africas requirements. African energy development and uk energy security 14th november 2012 chatham house, 10 st jamess square, london sw1y 4le how can we ensure that africa has access to cheap, reliable energy and power without impacting on the uks own energy security. Water for agriculture and energy in africa food and agriculture. With africa on the cusp of becoming a major energy producing continent, what lessons can be. Egypt for example has put aside 6,700 square feet of land to generate power from wind. South africas new build programme ensuring energy security. Having established a broad framework for the analysis of energy security, the paper turns to the analysis of south africas energy security situation. Energy security and subsaharan africa springerlink.
Energy insecurityenergy as a weapon and resource nationalism. At a general level, it can best be understood as robustness against sudden disruptions of energy supply iea, 2006. Western coastlines at latitudes between 30 and 60 experience the. Energy situation report west africa smart villages. Participants discussed the vulnerability of installations, equipment, personnel, and transportation networks and facilities. Energy security of supply concerns every member state, even if some are more vulnerable than others. Energy security and energy transition f orum r eport 001 3 the only exception to the lowefficiency problem is nuclear energy. Variable renewable energies and their contribution to energy. Solar power is the conversion of the suns energy into electricity. This is a more than fourfold increase from only 5% in 20. Water resource management options for smallholder farming systems in subsaharan africa 151 margins, leading to longer dry seasons and more uncertain rainfall.